Showing posts with label Learning. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Learning. Show all posts

Saturday, January 25, 2020

Know And Understand How Does One Stop Forgetting What One Learned So Quickly?

This post may contain affiliate links,  & Amazon.com(and affiliate Sites/Stores.)Any One Can Shop from this blog.Using links to these sites means I may earn a small percentage from  purchases made at no extra cost to you.





Hey Everyone,

Know And Understand How Does One 


 Stop Forgetting What One   


Learned So Quickly?


PHOTO: ADOBE STOCK

https://auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com


What’s the point of reading all these books and blog posts if you’re just going to forget most of it in a few hours?

I’ve been sitting in a cafe for two hours, reading countless blog posts  have come to the realization that I can only recall two or three of the numerous ideas and lessons I’ve read about.
Memory is fickle. I try to read as many books as I possibly can, yet I can barely tell you the main idea/plot of the books I’ve finished. Many students in college also have the same problem as me.

PHOTO: ADOBE STOCK
https://auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com

They spend an entire semester going over various subjects and investing hours upon hours into learning the material, only to find themselves forgetting the material a few hours after finishing their final exams.

Hermann Ebbinghaus, a German psychologist, discovered the forgetting curve — a concept that hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time.
The forgetting curve is the steepest during the first day, so if you don’t review what you’ve recently learned, you’re more likely to forget most of the material and your memory of it will continue to decline in the following days, ultimately leaving you with only a sliver of information.
Why We Forget Most of the Books We Read on The Atlantic talks about how the rise of frequent Internet usage has affected our memory in a detrimental way.
Presumably, memory has always been like this. But Jared Horvath, a research fellow at the University of Melbourne, says that the way people now consume information and entertainment has changed what type of memory we value — and it’s not the kind that helps you hold onto the plot of a movie you saw six months ago.
In the internet age, recall memory — the ability to spontaneously call information up in your mind — has become less necessary. It’s still good for bar trivia, or remembering your to-do list, but largely, Horvath says, what’s called recognition memory is more important. “So long as you know where that information is at and how to access it, then you don’t really need to recall it,” he says.
We treat the Internet as a hard drive for our memories. We know that if we ever need a piece of information, we can open up our laptop and search for it immediately.
Just-in-time learning is becoming increasingly popular because it is more efficient to search for information that you need immediately rather than storing information that might be useful in the future. Deep knowledge is no longer valued — shallow, quick and practical pieces of information are more effective in getting the job done.
Because we know that we have an externalized memory, we put less effort in memorizing and fully understanding concepts and ideas that we learn.
Research has shown that the internet functions as a sort of externalized memory. “When people expect to have future access to information, they have lower rates of recall of the information itself,” as one study puts it. But even before the internet existed, entertainment products have served as externalized memories for themselves. You don’t need to remember a quote from a book if you can just look it up. Once videotapes came along, you could review a movie or TV show fairly easily. There’s not a sense that if you don’t burn a piece of culture into your brain, that it will be lost forever.

 We are also more prone to binge-watching with the rise of easily consumable media. Have you ever stayed home on a Saturday night and binge watched an entire season of your favorite show? Would you be able to recall the story line for every episode? Would you be able to remember the conflict and resolution?
Binge-watching encourages you to mindlessly consume content, instead of consciously engaging with each piece of media. We are encouraged to eat as much as we can, even when our belt threatens to explode from overconsumption.
It’s true that people often shove more into their brains than they can possibly hold. Last year, Horvath and his colleagues at the University of Melbourne found that those who binge-watched TV shows forgot the content of them much more quickly than people who watched one episode a week. Right after finishing the show, the binge-watchers scored the highest on a quiz about it, but after 140 days, they scored lower than the weekly viewers. They also reported enjoying the show less than did people who watched it once a day, or weekly.
People are binging on the written word, too. In 2009, the average American encountered 100,000 words a day, even if they didn’t “read” all of them. It’s hard to imagine that’s decreased in the nine years since. In “Binge-Reading Disorder,” an article for The Morning News, Nikkitha Bakshani analyzes the meaning of this statistic. “Reading is a nuanced word,” she writes, “but the most common kind of reading is likely reading as consumption: where we read, especially on the internet, merely to acquire information. Information that stands no chance of becoming knowledge unless it ‘sticks.’”
Or, as Horvath puts it: “It’s the momentary giggle and then you want another giggle. It’s not about actually learning anything. It’s about getting a momentary experience to feel as though you’ve learned something.”
We aren’t actually reading to learn. We just feel like we’re learning something by reading and recognizing the words on the screen. The information is not yet knowledge, but we are fooled to believe that it has been transferred into our brains and will stay there forever.

Spacial Learning and Questions


So how do we actually retain the things we’ve learned? You need to give yourself time to digest the things you’ve learned.
The lesson from his binge-watching study is that if you want to remember the things you watch and read, space them out. I used to get irritated in school when an English-class syllabus would have us read only three chapters a week, but there was a good reason for that. Memories get reinforced the more you recall them, Horvath says. If you read a book all in one stretch — on an airplane, say — you’re just holding the story in your working memory that whole time. “You’re never actually reaccessing it,” he says.
Keep revisiting the pieces of information that you’d like to keep with you. I often find that when I learn something interesting and write about it, I’m able to recall the information more easily than if I were to try to recall something I learned once in a book or article somewhere.
Sana says that often when we read, there’s a false “feeling of fluency.” The information is flowing in, we’re understanding it, it seems like it is smoothly collating itself into a binder to be slotted onto the shelves of our brains. “But it actually doesn’t stick unless you put effort into it and concentrate and engage in certain strategies that will help you remember.”
People might do that when they study, or read something for work, but it seems unlikely that in their leisure time they’re going to take notes on Gilmore Girls to quiz themselves later. “You could be seeing and hearing, but you might not be noticing and listening,” Sana says. “Which is, I think, most of the time what we do.”
If you’re studying for a test or trying to learn a complex formula/concept, come back to the same information. Every time you revisit the subject you are trying to learn, the more you reinforce the idea into your long term memory.
Give yourself a few hours and try to recall it yourself without looking at the study material. If you feel stuck, read the formula/concept again and try to recall it again a few hours later.
The more you practice this, the more likely you will be able to retain and recall it in the future.
Scott H. Young is a blogger who has challenged himself to find the answer to the question: “what’s the best way to learn?”. He believes that learning is the key to living well, and has addressed the issue of people forgetting what they read by offering an effective solution.
When we read books, we are not actively engaged with the material. Our eyes are skimming over the words, and we put most of our time and energy in recognizing what is being said.
Unfortunately practicing recognition is virtually the only thing most people do when they read a book. When you’re reading a book, most of your time is spent recognizing what is being said. Only rarely do you have to specifically recall an idea, unprompted. If you’re reading a well-written book, you may never have to use recall as good writers know that recall is difficult and so they will often reiterate previously made points so that you don’t get confused.
Then, after you’ve read the book, you suddenly want this knowledge to be available in a recallable format. You want to be able to, given a conversation with a coworker, a question on an exam, or during a decision you have to make, be able to summon up the information that you previously had only practiced at being able to recognize it.
Given this pattern, it’s no wonder most people fail to recall much from books they’ve read.
It’s unreasonable to expect readers to come out knowing every single word and idea that the book entails. Our memories are faulty. But many of us get frustrated when we find ourselves forgetting many parts and ideas throughout the book as soon as we close the book.
Scott Young offers the solution: The Question Book Method
Whenever you’re reading something that you want to remember, take notes. Except, don’t take notes which summarize the main points you want to recall. Instead, take notes which ask questions.
If you wanted to do it with this email, you could write down the question, “Q: What are the two different memory processes?” and the answer would be “A: Recall and recognition.”
Then, when you’re reading a book, quickly go through and test yourself on the questions you’ve generated from earlier chapters. Doing this will strengthen your recallable memory so that the information will be much easier to access when you need it.
Instead of taking notes or rephrasing the author’s words into your own words, ask yourself questions that would help you practice recalling information.
At the end of each chapter, you can ask yourself a question that would summarize the main idea or important concepts that you want to remember.
He also adds some helpful tips to make this exercise as practical as possible.
He knows that some people will try to test themselves too hard and try to test themselves on every little piece of knowledge in the book. This will make reading a chore and ultimately discourage the reader to keep using this method.
First — don’t go overboard. Trying to recall every possible fact from a book will make the reading process so tedious that it might kill your love of reading. One question per chapter is probably more than enough for most books. For popular books, a dozen questions will probably be enough to capture the big points and main thesis.
Second — put page numbers which reference the answer. If you do forget a point, you’ll want to be able to check. Knowing that the answer to a big point is on page 36 will save your sanity later.
Third, make the technology simple. For paper books, I recommend an index card, since you can probably fit all of the questions on it back and front. Plus the index card also works as a bookmark, so you won’t have to go around looking for your notes later. If you use Kindle, make your questions as annotations in the book. Then you can see the annotations later to quiz yourself.
Practicing spacial learning and actively recalling recently learned information can help you stop forgetting the things you learned.
As an exercise, why don’t you start by asking yourself a few questions a couple hours after you finish this article, such as:
How do I remember more of what I learned?
How does binge-watching affect my ability to remember?
How has the Internet affected our way of learning and retaining information?



What Do You Think?Do you agree or Disagree or Have any other ideas?Please Share your thoughts in the comments below as I learn just as much from you as you do from me!”


    Bye for Know,



      Sameer


      There’s more to that

      If you’re looking for more,Please subscribe to my blog by clicking on Subscribe in a reader the icon or Subscribe via Email by submitting your email id on the side bar ;

        Learning , Writing , Self Improvement , Life ,Self Awareness , Optimize

      Like it? Share it…

      Saturday, September 7, 2019

      Know And Understand How Even The Hardest Of Hearts Can Melt

      This post may contain affiliate links, including Amazon.com(and affiliate Sites/Stores.)Any One Can Shop from this blog.Using links to these sites means I may earn a small percentage from  purchases made at no extra cost to you.



      Hey Everyone!


      Know And Understand How Even The 

      Hardest 

      Of Hearts 

      Can Melt



      auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com


      From turning down the music to snacking on fish, the latest research on how to improve your ability learn

      In  all likelihood,you've had a less than-pleasant encounter with a narcissist at some point. Notoriously selfish and vain,people with this personality type are known for their inability to feel empathy. 

      But there's hope for them yet! In 2014,researchers at England's University of Southampton developed an encouraging work around for those who lacked compassion: encourage them to adopt the perspective of the sufferer.

      When lead researcher Erica Hepper and her colleagues showed subjects a video of a woman describing her experiences of physical violence,watching alone failed to trigger an appropriate response.

      But when they prompted participants to put themselves in the woman's shoes,even those who scored as" high narcissists" expressed genuine concern and sympathy.So the next time a callous acquaintance refuses to see your side of things,take heart:itappears that, with a little guidance even the least tender among us can improve their empathetic abilities.


      Hope You Enjoyed Reading This.

      https://amzn.to/2PtS4sb


      "What Do You Think?Do you agree or Disagree or Have any other ideas?Please Share your thoughts in the comments below as I learn just as much from you as you do from me!”


      Bye for Know

      Sameer





      There’s more to that
      If you’re looking for more,Please subscribe to my blog by clicking on Subscribe in a reader the icon or Subscribe via Email by submitting your email id on the side bar ;)



      Heart,Melt,Brain,Memory,
      Learning,Development,Improvement,Self,
      optimize

      Like it? Share it..

      Sunday, July 14, 2019

      How Exercise Can Boost Our Brain, Memory,Think Better And Ability To Learn

      This post may contain affiliate links, including Amazon.com(and affiliate Sites/Stores.)Any One Can Shop from this blog.Using links to these sites means I may earn a small percentage from  purchases made at no extra cost to you.


      Hey Everyone!,


      How Exercise Can Boost Our Brain


      Memory,Think Better And Ability To 

      Learn 


      auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com


      From turning down the music to snacking on fish, the latest research on how to improve your ability learn


      • The hippocampus is critical for learning new concepts. It's also one of only two brain structures where shiny new neurons are born in adulthood. Aerobic exercise not only stimulates the burst of new brain cells, but more neurons survive when you exercise.

      • The hippocampus has also been implicated in imagination. When you strengthen that structure through exercise, you enhance a core component in the act of creativity. You start thinking outside the box more.
      • Increased exercise improves our attention. If you can't focus,you may not be able to remember how to perform a new skill.
      • You don't need to be a triathlete in some subjects, eight weeks of moderate exercise twice a week was enough to elevate mood and activate their brains.

      • You can broaden your notion of what constitutes exercise. Walking up the street is aerobic. Dancing to you favourite song is aerobic. If you really want to be practical, speed housework  is a great work out, and you'll be done faster.

        Hope You Enjoyed Reading This.

         https://amzn.to/2NOLqM1

      • What Do You Think?Do you agree or Disagree or Have any other ideas?Please Share your thoughts in the comments below as I learn just as much from you as you do from me!”


      Bye for Know

      Sameer





      There’s more to that

      If you’re looking for more,Please subscribe to my blog by clicking on Subscribe in a reader the icon or Subscribe via Email by submitting your email id on the side bar ;)



      Exercise,Boost,Power,Brain,Memory,Top,Student,Learning,Development,
      Improvement,Self,optimize


      Like it? Share it…

      Sunday, June 16, 2019

      How To Unlock the Amazing Power of Your Brain and Become a Top Student

      This post may contain affiliate links, including Amazon.com(and affiliate Sites/Stores.)Any One Can Shop from this blog.Using links to these sites means I may earn a small percentage from  purchases made at no extra cost to you.

      Hey Everyone!,

      How To Unlock the Amazing Power 

      of Your Brain and Become a 

      Top Student


      auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com


      I was a mediocre K–12 student but graduated #1 in my medical school class. Here’s how I did it.

      Carol Dweck’s research has proven that with a growth mindset, you can achieve way more than you ever dreamed. But being successful in school, particularly in university, is a complex undertaking. Most of us never come close to realizing our potential as students. I found a set of strategies and tactics to unlock the amazing abilities that all of our brains possess.

      Do you think it’s possible to take an average student and teach him or her how to learn so that with a dose of grit and persistence, he or she can become the top student in the school? Well, that’s my story. And along my road to success, I discovered some effective study techniques based on cognitive psychology that have changed my life.

      Let me start at the end of the story and then explain how I got to where I am today. I’m a 66-year-old retired physician. I practiced radiology for 30 years and retired from my medical career in 2014. Additionally, I’m a serial entrepreneur and co-founder of aytm.com and iDoRecall.com.
      I graduated high school in 1970, finishing within the 50th percentile of my class. From grades K through 12, I struggled with learning. I was given a lot of after-school tutoring by my teachers during grade school. I was not aware of having any learning disabilities. I had above-average ability and always tested high on standardized exams, but I was never a good student, even though I always wanted to do better.
      I attended college for a single year following high school but had no interest in my studies. I dropped out as a C+ student and then took a few interesting life detours before going back to college two years later. When I did return to school, I discovered a few tricks that helped me go from zero to hero in my academics.
      I finished approximately three and a half years of coursework in the next two and a half years. Along the way to my bachelor’s degree, I received 11 A+s, while the remainder of my grades were straight As. The A+ grades were in courses in which every one of my test scores was perfect. My performance was so superior to that of everyone else doing A work that the professors took the unusual step of giving me recognition with a grade that was higher than that given to the rest of the A students in the course. This had never been done before at my college.
      After I received my degree, I matriculated into medical school, where I scored at the very top of my class on every single exam during my four years. I went on to do a residency in radiology at Duke University and was permitted to skip the clinical internship year. This saved a year of training. I was appointed a chief resident in my final year at Duke.
      What changed in my approach to learning after I returned to college? How can I explain how I went from being a lifelong struggling student to an academic star? I have reflected on this a lot over the years.
      I want to teach you the same strategies that I used to turn myself from an average student to the best student that I have ever known. The story is instructive, because I’m not the smartest person you’ll ever meet, and because I used study strategies that are backed by a number of evidence-based cognitive psychology principles. Unfortunately, even though there is a lot of useful evidence-based research on what works and what doesn’t in helping students and learners achieve success, very few students (or teachers) have learned how to learn and don’t utilize the best practices when studying.


      Using Time Management as a Competitive Advantage


      Time management skills are a critical asset, but most students lack sufficient mastery of them. School is broken up into units of time: classroom hours, time until the next major exam or due dates for the submission of papers, semesters, trimesters, academic years, and so forth. If you step back and look at an academic period such as a semester, there are a limited number of hours you have at your disposal to nail the mission of learning the subject matter and successfully completing your coursework.

      During this finite time, you can receive huge rewards by investing your time in activities that are highly efficient and effective. Efficient activities are those that produce the maximum amount of learning for the least investment in time and effort. Effective activities are those that produce real and lasting learning.

      The goal for each semester is to achieve as much real learning as possible. If you maximize your learning, your grades will take care of themselves. But real learning means that you get to walk away from the semester with durable knowledge that can be used as a foundation for future learning and contributes to you becoming a polymath.

      Your long-range goal should be to have a deep, broad, and persistent knowledge base. Having this will fuel your ability to be creative and able to reinvent yourself throughout your life. So if your goal has merely been to log a series of A’s on your transcript, and you’re content to forget what you’ve learned shortly after each final exam, you’ve missed the real point of getting a higher education. If you’re interested in more, let’s examine a few time management hacks I have used that are counterintuitive but super powerful.

      Don’t attend class if it isn’t necessary

      There are many classes for which attendance is required by the professor. It is either factored into the calculation of your grade, or there is no other way to get your hands on the lecture content. But attending classes is highly inefficient. Besides the time spent in class, this activity involves travel time, even if you live on campus. The time spent sitting in the classroom is out of your control. The professor controls the speed of knowledge transfer. Wouldn’t you like to play the lectures at 1.2X speed or more?

      When you walk out of each class, you leave with your set of notes. But you haven’t accomplished much learning up to that point. If you do nothing else but attend class and take notes, could you get an A in the course with zero studying outside of the classroom? Would you remember the course material a year after the final exam? For 99 percent of students, the answer to these questions is no.


      However, I have a dirty little secret. Even though I finished number one in my medical school class, I cut almost every didactic lecture during my time there. Most of my course lectures were held in front of a class of around 200 students. Attendance wasn’t required nor taken, and being present didn’t factor into your grade.



      In fact, the student body had a note-taking service in which one student note-taker was assigned to (and paid for) each lecture. These students took notes, including making illustrations of anything that the professor drew on the blackboard. They also tape-recorded the lecture. Their work product was a 99 percent accurate transcript of the lecture, including illustrations.


      Twice a week, I would commute to school for an hour and pick up the packet of lecture notes from the past few days. In the end, the vast majority of my classmates studied from the note-service notes just like I did, even though they sat in class and took their own notes as well. I’m sure that many of them would tell you that they needed to attend the lectures and take their own set of notes to facilitate their learning. But I call B.S. I skipped almost every lecture and yet achieved the number one score on every exam. The first step to achieving that feat was the extremely efficient management of my time. I saved six to eight hours every day by skipping class, and I put those hours to far better use than my classmates who sat in class all day.


      You may not have the opportunity right now to use the same strategy, but if you do, you should consider it. If your professor shares video recordings of his or her lectures, don’t go to class unless it is a requirement!


      Of course, a lot of you may be remote learners, so video recordings of lectures may already be your norm. If you are fortunate enough to be in a flipped classroom  situation, you’re already watching didactic lectures outside of school. If you have access to lecture videos but no source of lecture notes, then at least watch the lectures at greater than 1X speed. If the video comes with a transcript, there may even be a case to be made for reading the transcript rather than watching the video.

      Whenever possible, read things only once

      Reading your class notes, handouts, book chapters, and other learning materials multiple times is one of the most accepted and standard practices of studying. Students also like to highlight passages or create marginalia and repeatedly reread those items. We have convinced ourselves that rereading will somehow force the content indelibly into our memory.

      But while rereading does add to learning, the benefits are small, and the time commitment it requires produces a poor return on investment. Rereading is not a useful activity as a learning strategy when you consider its lack of efficiency and effectiveness. The same goes for highlighting.

      So what should you do with all the time that you save by not rereading? First and foremost, replace rereading with retrieval practice. I will discuss this topic in more depth later. Second, consume other learning materials, such as books, journal articles, and video lectures from other professors, in place of rereading. Deepen your knowledge by gaining the perspectives of multiple other experts. Your professor and your assigned textbook are not the sole sources of truth on the subject.

      When I was in medical school, I used much of the free time I gained by not going to class and not rereading to read several textbooks on each subject. In this way I exposed myself to far more content than my classmates. I also used a powerful technique for assimilating this extra knowledge into my mental models: reflection. I asked myself questions about how and why the same concept was explained differently by different teachers and authors. In some cases, their explanations were incongruent, and I had to do further research to determine the truth. By reflecting on these questions, my knowledge grew deeper.


      To remember what you learn, use flashcards, retrieval practice, and spacing

      Retrieval practice (RP) is the single most powerful hack that learners can employ. RP is analogous to taking your memory to the gym to build the strength to be able to recall a single fact or concept far into the future. Wouldn’t you like to have that superpower? RP is the most powerful tool that you can use to create long-term, robust recallability of the facts and concepts that you want to remember.
      Let me explain what RP looks like. In its ideal form, RP works best when you tackle a question and retrieve the answer from memory unaided. Such open-ended questions are more challenging than multiple-choice or true/false questions, which don’t reveal if you really know the material or just have fluency with the answer. With mere fluency, you recognize the answer when you see it, but you can’t generate the answer without this assistance. The challenge of answering open-ended questions is one of many desirable difficulties that feel bad to students but are actually good if they are serious about learning.

      We humans are plagued with a very poor ability to know when we don’t know something. We fool ourselves into a false sense of knowing all the time. That is why we see aberrations like the Dunning-Kruger effect. So one of the challenges of RP is to have quality feedback in order to not be fooled into incorrectly believing that we know something. This is one of the many benefits of using flashcards. When you turn them over, you get to face the reality of the correct answer. For most people, that is sufficient to keep them honest.

      Another advantage of flashcards is that we can test ourselves whenever we want and don’t need to depend on others, such as study groups and friends. When I was in med school, I made flashcards for everything that I wanted to remember. Flashcards should be very atomic and should only test a single fact or concept. When using RP, isolate your focus to that nugget of knowledge, just as you would isolate your attention to using as few muscles as possible during specific strength-building exercises in the gym.

      Spacing your RP is the number two most effective study hack for building long-term recallability of the things that you have learned. The antithesis of spacing (“spaced repetition”) is cramming, also known as massing. We all know what cramming is like, and most students believe it’s an effective strategy: pull an all-nighter or save most of your studying for the last few days before a big exam, and you will remember much of the material for the exam.

      But while cramming seems to work, it’s kryptonite when it comes to remembering what you’ve learned long term. If your only goal is to get an A on your transcript, maybe cramming feels like a great strategy, but who wants a physician who was a straight-A student but remembers almost nothing from his or her courses? Spacing, on the other hand, has been proven over and over to help build recallability that is far more durable than that achieved through massed studying.

      When you use spacing with flashcards, or other varieties of RP, you’re doing the RP repeatedly over time. Imagine, though, that you have 1,000 flashcards. Should you practice retrieval of the answers by going through every one of them each morning? That’s not a sustainable or efficient way to build recall.

      The optimal strategy is to study a small subset of your flashcards every day. Roger Craig, a Jeopardy champion, kept a collection of 220,000 flashcards of every answer/question previously asked on the show. Obviously, it would have been impossible for him to practice every card daily or even once every three months. Instead, he used the spaced-repetition flashcard software Anki. Technologies like Anki and my own iDoRecall offer automated solutions for optimally spacing your RP.

      Spacing offers several distinct advantages. First, it offers efficiencies. It makes the use of a massive collection of flashcards a possibility. Second, spacing takes advantage of the forgetting curve. This principle was discovered by Hermann Ebbinghaus in the 1880s when he did research on himself to determine how quickly he forgot nonsense syllables that he had memorized. He discovered that he lost retention of syllables rather rapidly in the minutes, hours, and days after committing them to memory. He concluded that forgetting is a natural trait of human memory that behaves similarly to exponential radioactive decay.

      auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com

      Our natural forgetting curve.

      It has been proven that by employing spaced repetition of RP, you can tame the natural forgetting curve tendency and develop long-term recallability of concepts and facts. It has also been shown that RP is most effective when you challenge yourself to retrieve a memory that you are fairly close to forgetting.
      This is another desirable difficulty. Think of these as mental exercises, similar to physical exercises, that produce a greater effect when they are more challenging. For example, if you went to the gym and tried to lift a two-pound weight, you would not get the same result as you would if the weight was closer to your maximum capability.

      auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com

      Our recall of information (ROI) quickly fades because of the forgetting curve, but we can overcome this natural tendency with spaced retrieval practice.

      So how can a software algorithm know when to show you a flashcard? How can it know when you are fairly close to forgetting something? Of course, it can’t. But a lot has been learned by empirically observing the rate at which people forget and then applying this empirical knowledge.


      In a perfect world, you would be shown every flashcard just when you were about to forget the answer, and no sooner. That way the desirable difficulty would be maximized for optimal effectiveness, and the spacing interval would be maximized for optimal efficiency. Experience has shown that it’s possible to manage a mature collection of thousands of flashcards, and you only need to practice retrieval on less than 0.5 percent of them each day.
      When I was a medical student in the 1970s, there were no digital flashcard or spaced-repetition automated solutions that I was aware of. It was the dawn of personal computing. My flashcards were paper 3-by-5 index cards, and my spacing algorithm was “practice each card every five days” from the anniversary of the day I created it.

      This system worked like a charm. It was neither maximally efficient nor maximally effective. But it worked fantastically. I likely spent more time studying than anyone else in my class, if for no other reason than I stayed home studying all day while everyone else was commuting and sitting in class. I’m convinced that I still would have been at the top of my class if I had studied an average amount of time and skipped all of the extra reading. I enjoyed huge time savings by reading things once, making flashcards, and employing spaced retrieval practice.
      Other Learning Strategies

      Interleaving, variation, reflection, generation, and elaboration are learning techniques that are highly effective. I employed all of them regularly during the years of my maximal academic success.

      Interleaving

      Interleaving is the strategy of switching subjects frequently during study sessions. On first thought, you might be concerned that interleaving is akin to the context switching that happens when people try to multitask, a practice that is highly inefficient. But in fact the two are very different.

      auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com

      Every time we learn something, we need to attach it to some preexisting knowledge or mental model. Everything we know has some association to something else we have stored in memory. For example, if you think of pizza, you may remember the first date you had with your spouse at a pizzeria or the taste or smell of your favorite pizza.

      Our memory is built on an infrastructure of these kinds of associations. We even have some understanding of the neuroscience behind how this works in the brain. The linking that results in memory associations is the result of neural circuits or engrams, a small group of neurons that are capable of storing an individual memory. When adjacent engrams have some neurons in common, the memories that each store can become linked.

      auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com

      Here engram A stores a memory related to a fish meal. Engram B stores a memory of some music that was playing during the meal. B shares some neurons in common with A. Thus those memories are linked. When you think of the meal you might then recall the music and vice versa.

      When I was in school, I studied using flashcards that I shuffled to interleave the subjects. By doing so I created many more associations and overlapping engrams between the different concepts and facts that I was learning. This created more pathways through which to retrieve a memory.
      We are capable of storing more memory in a lifetime than we could ever need before running out of storage capacity. Our problem with the forgetting curve and memory in general is a retrieval problem, not a storage capacity problem.

      Variation


      Variation is a technique of practice within a subject whereby you change up the practice and learning challenges that you work on in order to gain greater mastery.

      auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com

      A classic example is that if you want to become proficient at three-foot putts in golf, you are better off practicing a mixture of two- and four-foot putts than focusing all of your practice on three-foot putts. As a more academic example, in a subject such as geometry, doing a practice session during which you solve problems in plane, solid, and projective geometry is more effective than focusing 100 percent of a session on a single topic.
      Unfortunately, mathematics textbooks typically teach one topic at a time and then assign students practice sets of problems all related to that single topic. When you employ variation, you end up with a much more flexible mind that is able to recognize which formula is the correct one to apply to the challenge at hand. I used the strategy of variation when studying unrelated topics within a given subject in college and medical school.

      Reflection


      Reflection is a mainstay in academic clinical medicine. The classic example of this practice is the morbidity and mortality conferences held in hospitals, during which doctors sit down and perform a group analysis of what went wrong in a case that had a poor outcome.




      auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com

      By reflecting on the what and why questions and asking themselves individually and collectively how they might approach a similar situation in the future, doctors are better able to learn from their mistakes. Reflection is a fantastic tool for transforming your knowledge into wisdom.

      Generation



      Generation is a technique of trying to answer a question before you have even acquired the knowledge needed to solve the problem.

      auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com

      Imagine that you know how to calculate the area of a square but haven’t yet learned how to calculate the volume of a cube or any other solid 3D shape. If you were challenged by your teacher to do the latter, you might employ generation in an effort to synthesize the answer. Even if you were not successful, the effort to extrapolate from your existing knowledge base would create some mental infrastructure upon which you could build a mental model of what your teacher was about to teach you.
      Physicians constantly use generation because we’re faced every day with clinical scenarios that we’ve never seen before. That’s one of the joys of being a radiologist. There was never a day when I didn’t come home reveling in something new that had challenged me to generate a diagnosis even though I hadn’t had specific prior experience with the set of findings I first encountered.

      Elaboration

      Elaboration is the ability to express what you’ve learned in your own words and layer it with the related areas of knowledge that you already possess in order to create richer mental models. It’s the underpinning principle of the Feynman technique.

      auracompletesolutions.blogspot.com

      If you can’t distill what you’ve learned into a cohesive story with enough clarity that you could teach it to a novice, then maybe you don’t know it as well as you think you do.

      You need to refine your understanding by adding layers of expository details that enrich your mental model and enable you to explain it without notes so that even a fifth-grader can understand it. When it comes to making flashcards, they are most powerful when you create them from memory, in your own words.

      Key Takeaways

      Excelling at time management is critical to achieving academic success. There are a limited number of productive hours at your disposal in a semester or school year.

      I was obsessed with maintaining efficient use of that precious time. I skipped classes when attendance wasn’t required and I could obtain high-quality notes or a transcript of the lecture. This saved me six-plus hours a day in medical school that I could direct toward highly effective learning and deeper study. You may not be able to do this in your current situation, but if you can skip class or can at least watch a recording of the lecture, you should consider the benefits of doing so. There are some disadvantages to skipping, but overall I find it to be a huge net positive when it’s an option.

      Read things once to save a lot of time. But as you read, pause and create spaced-repetition flashcards for all of the key concepts and facts that you want to remember. Never create a flashcard for a concept before you fully understand it. Flashcards are for retrieval practice of concepts you already comprehend, and you should employ them to make learned concepts and facts easily recallable. Flashcards are not for learning concepts. If you don’t understand a concept, find a different source, author, scientific paper, webpage, lecture on YouTube, or whatever enables you to successfully grasp the idea. Then make the flashcard.

      By cutting down on rereading and making the switch to flashcards, retrieval practice, and spaced repetition, you will build durable recallability of all the facts and concepts that you want to remember.

      By using these strategies, you will play the long game of becoming a learned individual. The majority of students may shoot for the A on their transcript, but you will get the A and build a personal knowledge base that you can tap into for years. You can use this deep and broad range of knowledge as a foundation for future learning and problem solving as you encounter unique and novel situations. You will be a more creative person. Creativity is often a concoction born out of the alchemy of mixing seemingly unrelated knowledge to generate new and inventive solutions.

      You can further deepen your knowledge by employing reflection, generation, and elaboration so that you can develop numerous and more profound mental models.

      I still use these strategies and tactics in my pursuit of lifelong learning. I am convinced that all of us possess the requisite innateabilities to be outstanding students and learners.

      Hope you enjoyed reading this;)

      “What Do You Think About These Strategies?Please Share your thoughts in the comments below as I learn just as much from you as you do from me!

      Bye for Know,

      Sameer




      There’s more to that
      If you’re looking for more,Please subscribe to my blog by clicking on Subscribe in a reader the icon or Subscribe via Email by submitting your email id on the side bar ;)

      Amazing,Power,Brain,Memory,Top,Student,Learning,Development,
      Improvement,Self,optimize

      Like it? Share it…